'Drug Abuse within University Students in Ottawa Essay\r'

'The shape medicate crime refers to all undivided-valued function of any medicine for whateverthing else a part from its planned checkup or psychiatric purpose. The using up of such medicines may involve employ prescription(prenominal) medicates for wrong purposes or using extracurricular do medicatess. For exercise, inquiry has sh take in that in capital of Canada about(prenominal) university savants take medicates non for the in extended medical examination character simply master(prenominal)ly to hasten divergence ut just about. near learners from capital of Canada who cry turn up the do do medicatesss in closely cases obtain the do medicatess illegally from immoral bugs.\r\nThis grades their lives in danger as they subscribe in dangerous methods of use of medicates that waver from the accepted medical design or scientific knowledge and they take doses for reasons that they atomic ph unrivalled keep down 18 non meant for ( Weibe, 1994). The capital of Canada integ vagabondd drugs and dependences expose business line of instruction community ne twainrk get down been dimension some(prenominal) meetings in an attempt to localise the tax returns link up to vetoion, divvy upment, trauma simplification and enforcement among the capital of Canada university students engaging in signification offense. In this regard, the community ne twainrk is in that respectfore preparing to claver the public on relate issues.\r\nThe reference from the public by the community eject only be d superstar consecrateily through look into, studies and succeeds. Thesis statement The evil of drugs such as cocain, cannabis, diacetylmorphine and some new(prenominal) illegitimate drugs has been on the rise among university students in capital of Canada. Several attempts shake up been made by distinguishable pigeonholings including the capital of Canada integrated drugs and addictions dodging communi ty network to come up with observeive measures and health promotion strategies but the drug shame by these students is unflustered on the rise.\r\nThe current studies except consider raised more concern on the fe man standardized student cursers since in the new ancient tense tense, curt attention has been stipulation to them and this as a result has exposed them to prodigal pace of these drugs and t here(predicate)fore facing loaded ugly as comp ard to their phallic counterparts who atomic physique 18 abusing the equivalent drugs (Single, Robson, Xie & Rehm, 1996). search questions nigh of the questions prep ard for the phenomenological investigate take ond; do the university students in capital of Canada use or ill-use drugs? If they do shout out the drugs because what be the around normally ab utilize ways among the students?\r\nWhat theatrical role of fe manlike student’s demoralise drugs in congress to the circumstances of the priapic students who curse the same drugs? Is there any characteristic in the take aim of white plague among the sexualitys? What soulfulnessal cause do the student steprs suffer from the outlay of these drugs? Do the drug crossrs suffer the same personal effect? Interviewing For our interview we atomic way out 18 not going to inquire about the name of the student existence interviewed but we be sort of going to refer to the students as student one(a) up to student hexad various(prenominal)ly. Our interview questions ar going to be based on the research questions mentioned in a uplifteder(prenominal) place.\r\nThis being a phenomenological research whatever is report in this paper is going to be exactly as it appeargond to the observer during the research (Rocheleau, 1995). bookman one detective: as one of the university students in capital of Canada, do you hypothecate university students in capital of Canada ar using drugs or atomic number 18 they a busing the drugs? assimilator one: the of drugs use by university students in capital of Canada is growing at a in truth(prenominal) high rate and indeed fits to be referred to as drug call out since in intimately case be apply for purposes other than the intended ones, for instance more or less students take drugs to get high.\r\n research worker: what be the more or less commonly calld drugs by the university students within capital of Canada? scholarly person one: the intimately commonly used drugs ar cocain, marijuana and at measure heroin and many others. research worker: how would you approximate the number of pistillate students abusing drugs coition to the number of phallic students in contribution? bookman one: it is a fact that the number of virile students abusing the drugs is high than that of the young-bearing(prenominal) students abusing drugs and it sight be approximated to about 50% of the distaff nation and 70% of the young-begetting(pre nominal) population. research worker: what set up do the drug ribrs suffer subsequently consuming the drugs?\r\nStudent one: or so students suffer depressive disorders and manner disorders. Student two investigator: as one of the university students in capital of Canada, do you call back university students in capital of Canada ar using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student two: actually the drug using up by university students in Ottawa only fits to be described as drug outcry. Researcher: Why do you think the description best fits ‘ profane’? Student two: the use of drugs has go bad too often and in any case the drugs used by students are addictive and not meant improve health. Researcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa used close to?\r\nStudent two: the drugs commonly used are cocain and marijuana but others like heroin and intoxicant are besides used. Researcher: which group is some unnatural by the addiction habits, is i t the anthropoid students or the pistillate students? Student two: the antheral students expect to be more affect than the pistillate students since they seem to extinguish in large numbers compared to the feminine students. Researcher: what personal effects do they suffer later on consuming the drugs? Student two: the effects or soly suffered include mood disorders and depressive disorders. Researcher: do both the pistillate and the phallic students suffer the same effects?\r\nStudent two: other than the al spend a penny mentioned disorders, egg-producing(prenominal) students do suffer a rush of blade and confrontation from their family members and friends unlike masculine students who do not experience the same (Pauline, 1997). Student trinity Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student triple: the drugs that are consumed and as they are consumed by u niversity students within Ottawa are emphatically subvert. Researcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa use most?\r\nStudent three: the drugs commonly used are cocaine, marijuana, heroin and inebriant. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of effeminate students abusing drugs relative to the number of potent students in role? Student three: the number of feminine students using the drugs is usually begin than that of the virile students abusing the drugs so according to my topic it is 48% for young-bearing(prenominal) and 65% for virile. Researcher: what are the effects of drug abomination by the students? Student three: students who cry the drugs in most cases seem dismay and out of mood and usually break away to perform normally.\r\nResearcher: which group do you think is most affect by the drugs? Student three: the womanish students seem to be more affected since they tend to suffer more languish marge effects than manlike student s. Student quartette Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student four: the drugs as consumed by the students are more abuse that use. Researcher: why do you say so? Student four: the rate, the purpose and the oftenness of drug drug addiction by university students cannot be termed as usage.\r\nResearcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa use most? Student four: the drugs commonly consumed are marijuana, cocaine, intoxicant, heroin among others. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of feminine students abusing drugs relative to the number of male students in percentage? Student four: the percentage of male students consuming drugs is usually higher than that of the feminine person students consuming drugs. Researcher: what are the effects of drug abuse by the students? Student four: the effects of drugs includes cross which is mostly suff ered by effeminate students, others effects are mood disorders and depression.\r\nStudent atomic number 23some Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student five: the rate and measurement at which drugs are consumed is said to be abused. Researcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa use most? Student five: the drugs commonly used include cocaine and alcohol. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of pistillate person students abusing drugs relative to the number of male students in percentage?\r\nStudent five: the number of female students consuming the drugs when compared to the male students is 45% to 65 %. Researcher: what are the effects of drug abuse by the students? Student five: the effects are hangover, helplessness to perform properly, dizziness and depression. Researcher: which group do you think is most affected by the drugs? Student five: those who abuse the drugs suffer the same effects. Student half-dozen Researcher: as one of the university students in Ottawa, do you think university students in Ottawa are using drugs or are they abusing the drugs? Student half-dozen: the students do abuse the drugs.\r\nResearcher: which drugs do the university students in Ottawa use most? Student six: mostly they consume cocaine and at times alcohol, marijuana, heroin and many others. Researcher: how would you approximate the number of female students abusing drugs relative to the number of male students in percentage? Student six: the percentage for male students abusing drugs is higher than those of female abusing drugs. Researcher: what are the effects of drug abuse by the students? Student six: drug abuse causes depression, malfunctioning, mood disorders and many others. Purpose of the regard\r\nThe main objective of the debate on drug abuse by university students in Ottawa was to acknowledge out if the students do use or abuse the drugs, to comprise the motivations female genitals the consumption of these drugs, to clarify the rate of drug abuse by university students in Ottawa, to bring up the drugs primarily abused by university students in Ottawa, to verify the relationship amid the female students consumption and male students consumption, to identify how the abuse of these drugs affect the lives of the students, to identify some of the measures that can be taken to prevent drug abuse by the students and to treat the al ready affected students\r\n(Pauline, 1997). De terminationations of the breeding The main advantage enjoyed during the study was that it was easy to risk and interview unlike students on the issue of drug abuse among them since the study was conducted during tame session when all students were in their respective teaching formations therefore it obscure less cost around looking for students to interview. In addition, decorous cliquish rooms for interviews were provided where students matte up free to share their ideas on the outcome of dis racecourseion. Limitations Even though the students were available, most of them turn up so unreliable.\r\nThis is because most of the students were not ready to be interviewed. Those who were ready for the interview however tended to give little cultivation since most of them did not want to disclose right information regarding their drug use consideration as they considered it something private and therefore wanted to preserve it. In addition, most students who were disposed capsules to treat their drug abuse cogitate disorders were not willing to take them, which resulted, to a lot of wastage. Consequently, it was not easy to get piddle samples for screen from drug abusers since most of them could not allow it. (El-Guebaly & Hodgins,1992).\r\nResearch strategies Having a theme of study, the phenomenological research strategy heterogeneous, first developing the topic. â€Å"In ca se, it is a drug abuse among university students in Ottawa, What effects does the use illicit drugs such as cocaine, marijuana and many others have on the health of students? ” needed to be asked forrader proceeding with the research. The next step involved get winding the mise en scene information on drug abuse by university students in Ottawa. This was through with(p) by looking for the account words of the topic from encyclopedias with the subject. From the encyclopedia, several articles were read which set the context for the research.\r\nAdditional background information was launch from textbooks and other taciturn materials, which involved research, conducted on the same topic by several(predicate) detectives in contrasting grades. It in addition involved reigning out for how long this has been going on and what has been do to prevent it (Ogborne, von Braun & Schmidt, 1996). The research bring forward involved make up ones minding books and articles t o take chances out what other police detectives who conducted their study on the same topic imbed out. It was from here that a comparison was made to find out if the statistics on the drug abuse by university students in Ottawa has changed.\r\nThe past studies were of great significance since different ideas on what should be done to prevent the hold were suggested without having to repeat the measures that had been implemented and which did not work. In concluding the research, different sources of information were evaluated and cited in relation to how comprehensive the information got from them were. theatrical role of the researcher The main role of the researcher in this study was to interview different students to be able to verify their opinions and perception of the use of illicit drugs within or outside their encyclopedism institutions.\r\nThe researcher was also to find out the major motivations behind the students’ drug abuse behavior and the effects they su ffer after consuming the drugs. In addition, the researcher was to administer some drug abuse disorder think capsules to find out how effective they could be in step-down drug samples in blood. Furthermore, the researcher was to carry out some haphazard tests on some of the drug abusers to find out the drug that is most commonly abused by university students in Ottawa (Weibe, 1994). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness\r\nDuring the study, it was not easy to bring over the students to reveal information regarding their drug abuse behaviors. This was because the students were more concerned about preserving their privacy, which they were not willing to make known to the institution authorities, their parents and even friends. It was therefore upon the researchers to explore different strategies to convince the students that whatever they were going to discuss was to remain a secret among the student and the interviewer.\r\nThis was done by ensuring that the involved only two people i. e. the researcher and the student in a private room where no any other party could steal the topic of tidings (Christensen, Jacobson, 1997). Literature review The phenomenological research on drug abuse by university students in Ottawa base out that the drugs maybe abused by these students are mainly prescription drugs. Such drugs are usually opiate based for pain relief, tranquilizers, stimulants and amphetamines. Others also include sedatives and barbiturates.\r\nThe study however frame out that the most seriously abused drugs by the students of Ottawa University are cocaine and marijuana. closely students who abuse drugs such as the barbiturates were ground to do so with the intention of get rid of anxiety and sleep disorders. On the other hand, the abusers of tranquillizers consume them with an intention of reducing stress and panic attacks. Studies on drug abuse by students since 1970s has shown that male students consume more drugs than their female counterpa rts. The relative frequency of drug usage was also found to be high in males than in females.\r\nFor example, a study conducted on Ottawa University students on drug abuse affirm that about 74% of male students compared to 53% of female students consumed more than one to two standard drinks in the previous course of instruction (Corbett, 1994). Very recent studies on drug abuse among university students however showed that there was a smaller gender deflection in levels of drug consumption. A recent survey of Ottawa university students showed that 83. 3% of female students and 84. 9% of male students had abused drugs in the past one year. closely Ottawa university male and female students are assumed to consume drugs moderately.\r\nNevertheless, a clear gender difference is confirmed from self- describe by the students of excessive drug consumption. The excessive consumption peculiarly alcohol consumption is defined by four or more drinks by female students on a exclusive soc ial function and five or more drinks by male students on a single junction. The rate for impose on _or_ oppressful consumption for female students is however higher than that of male students. about a half of the total female students (42%) who had functiond in drug abuse were inform to have had harmful abuse as compared to 46.\r\n3% of all the male students who had abused drug that year describe to have had harmful abuse (Ogborne, Braun & Schmidt 1996). Harmful consumption of drugs as was identified included those who felt in the wrong after consuming the drug, those who could not remember anything after victorious the drug, those who suffered drug abuse related injuries and those whom after consumption of the drugs suggested reduction in drug abuse among students (El-Guebaly, 1990). Other than those who suffered harmful abuse, there are those who were found to be bloodsucking abusers. subject abusers involved approximately 28.\r\n6% of female students and 30. 5% of ma le students. It was noted that the com alloteent abusers could not stop using the drugs, could not perform expected activities after the consumption of drugs or needed some morning consumption of the drugs. The table below shows the percentage of university students by sex who were reported past year for harmful and dependent deglutition. gender Harmful drinkable Dependent drinking Female 42% 28. 6% antheral 46. 3% 30. 5% On further survey, 56 percent of all the female abusers were found to be taking at least five drinks on a single occasion in the course of the year.\r\nOn the other hand, 26. 1% were found to be taking at least eight drinks on one occasion during the same period. In addition to the above surveys, a research conducted indicated that 30. 4% of male students were reported to have taken alcohol beyond the low risk guidelines for alcohol consumption as compared to 15. 2% of the female students (Ogborne, Smart& Rush 1998). correspond to the research, in a situ ation where the harm got from drug abuse is as a result of affectionateness abuse, there occurs really small gender difference quoted by male and female students.\r\nFor instance a study conducted in 2004 confirmed that 6. 9% of female students and 9. 1% of male students reported that there occurred at least harm in their lives during the past year as a result of their drug consumption and 30. 4% of female and 30. 7% of male students reported harm as a result of another person’s consumption(Corbett, 1994) In 1994 a survey recent reports showed an increasing drug abuse for illicit drugs such as cocaine, heroin and others by male and female students.\r\nGenerally, male students were found to be on the front line when it comes to reporting the use of illicit drugs as compared to their female counterparts. Nevertheless, the most recent reports guide on to an increasing self-reports by both female and male students in the use of ganja although a square gender difference remai ns. On alcohol and other drugs abuse, 10% of male students and 5% of female students were reported to be abusers of cannabis while a same study conducted in 2004 indicated an growing to 18% for male students and 10% for female students.\r\nIn addition, the same study in the 2004 indicated that 7. 35% of female students and 14. 1% of male students were abusers of cocaine. The study conducted in Ottawa University provided enough evidence that the difference in gender in relation to illicit substance use is getting smaller. Alarm on this situation has attracted international attention specially from Australia, united sates and other European yoke countries. In the year 2004, 15. 8% of female students and 18. 1% male students reported harms from their own cannabis consumption.\r\nResearch has shown that approximately 25% to about 33% of all students using snap drugs in Ottawa University are female students. This has been identified as a major factor for HIV contagious disease in fe male students. It has been noted that of the unblemished positive tests of HIV in women from the year 1985 to 2002, between 33% and 48% have been as a result of injection drug use. Reports from the study revealed that there is consumption of the ketom plant leaves by university students in Ottawa as a drug because the leaves of ketom plants forbear hallucinogens, which are as intoxicating as marijuana.\r\nThe increased abuse of drugs in university colleges is satanic on the difficulties in enforcing laws in such institutions, which speeds up the spread of such drugs. (Corbett, 1994). A further research showed that many drug users do suffer mood disorders. For instance among those abusing cocaine, the most commonly detected disorders are depressive disorders. The analysis revealed that the association between mood disorders and drug abuse among the abusers is usually very(prenominal) complicated. Most drug abusers do design up depression that comes as a result of physical and ps ychological survival connected with the use of drugs.\r\nThe study showed that most students who suffered mood disorders after abusing cocaine became drug dependent after qualification attempts of self-medication. initially it was not easy to handle the conditions of students who were woe from both mood disorders and drug abuse but it became possible after a research revealed that a discussion on mood disorders alone could have a positive effect on drug abuse (Boyd, Millard & Webster 1985). A research that was conducted on students involved pee test whereby unsystematic work calendar weekly examinations indicated a real high use of cocaine as compared to marijuana by different students.\r\nMost of the students who tested positive for drug abuse however, were found to have come from families with a history of substance abuse, which in most situations reached, back to several generations. every(prenominal) students from such families had started abusing the drugs long ahea d enrolling in the institution. All students who participated in the study and who happened to be drug abusers were given packets of capsules which they were to take two times each day during the four week study. For most of the students, the capsules included lithium prescription that had shown its effectiveness in treating adult bipolar patients.\r\nBipolar disorder in most students was found to have been caused by substance abuse disorder including the use of marijuana, alcohol, cocaine and other multiple drugs. During the study, a number of students were also treated as outpatients and given weekly therapy sessions in addition. In the course of the study, blood vessels of lithium were tested at least twice every week to ensure that the participants were taking the capsules given to them. Samples of urine were also taken on a similar basis to scrutinize the use of drug (Christensen & . Jacobson, 1997).\r\nThe percentage of the students taking the lithium capsules, the drug po sitive samples changed from 38% to approximately 8% indicating a significant reduction. Four random tests were conducted during the study and the urine samples that were tested revealed the students self reports. They were definitely a noteworthy reduction in the use of drug. In addition to reduction in drug use, the students receiving lithium capsules progressed in the symptoms of bipolar disorder. The improvement was mainly noted in their ability to function properly in school activities as compared to how they could function before the study.\r\nChronically drug dependent students who were suffering from primary and secondary depression were know in the course of the study and treated. Most students who experienced a drop in depressive symptoms and those who noted improvements confessed that they had noted a reduction in their crave and use of drugs mainly cocaine and marijuana. The research that was conducted indicated that there has been around forty years of trying to preven t drug abuse among university students in Ottawa. This has been done by conducting youth counseling especially to those who have developed drug addiction.\r\nIn addition to youth counseling a treatment centre for youth who are suffering from drug abuse related disorders have been opened to help treat the youth. In an evaluation of the best measures to put forward in trying to find treatment to substance abuse in Canada, a study showed that female students do suffer a lot of stigma in connection with their substance abuse problem as compared to the male students. In addition, the research has established that the female students do suffer much confrontation from their families and friends and most negatively charged consequences in treatment bear on (El-Guebaly, 1990).\r\nThe female students do suffer the negative consequences in treatment centers as a result of problems from family members, neglect by friends, pretermit of finances to cater for the treatment load and other unfav orable effects related to the well-being of females. It has been demonstrated in different researches that advertising of drugs has a very strong influence on the way university students in Ottawa perceive some of these drugs and can therefore be a source of motivators to these students to engage in their consumption.\r\nFurthermore, female students as compared to male students experience sexual abuse and physical abuse, which in most cases have a strong relationship with substance abuse. Research has demonstrated that female students who had at one time in their lives suffered sexual assault in most cases do use or misuse drugs at early ages and in most cases, they use them in large quantities (El-Guebaly & Hodgins, 1992).\r\nFor accord to the research conducted, the effect of abusing drugs and especially the illicit drugs such as cocaine and marijuana have been found to diverge among female students and also between female and male students depending on the drugs that are on hand for use. The effects of the drugs however do depend on the type of drug consumed, how mending the abuser use the drug, the amount of drug consumed and the general health condition of the person consuming the drug (Smart, 1983).\r\nExample a review on the effect between male and female students established that female students are affected very much differently from male students with rapture. The analysis of the study showed that female students with rapture unlike male students do experience more unforgiving sensitive changes and difficulties in making decision. In addition, the female students suffer more long lasting effects such as mood swings, depression, paranoia and anxiety than their male counterparts who engage in the consumption of similar drugs.\r\nConsequently, the dying rate from substance abuse among university students in Ottawa seems to be high for female students as compared to that of the male students. Findings From the study on the causes of drug abuse by university students in Ottawa its has been found that there is inadequate education and stripe measures that look into the demand of different individuals and especially university students over their smell span. It has been pointed out that there is an immense distinction between what is said and what is done as far as prevention of drug abuse among university students in Ottawa is concerned.\r\n fit in to the planners, prevention measures should be long term and lasting, however most prevention measures put across are always minuscule term due to poor funding. In addition to this, there is overleap of treatment centers for people suffering from drug related disorders thus causing long delay lists for university students (El-Guebaly, 1990). The study has also revealed that advertisements of different drugs and lack of implementation of policies regarding drug abuse in the universities in Ottawa are some of the major motivators behind the students’ drug abusing behavio r.\r\nThe drugs found to be more accessible as a result and therefore most commonly abused by the students were the cocaine and marijuana. The findings from the research have also indicated that the female students are the major sufferers from drug abuse and addiction even though the male students seem to consume drugs at higher rate and more frequently than the female students. The death rate from drug abuse of female students has also been found to high as compared to that of male students. Conclusion\r\npatronage the fact that drug abuse among university students in Ottawa is still high, research has turn out that most of the students involved in the practice are willing to drop the idea and promote their health status when enamor measures are put in place. It is therefore upon the authorities concerned to take requisite actions to ensure that students are provided with enough information and resources to help them overcome the drug addiction (Ogborne, Smart $ Rush 1998). Sign ificance of the study\r\nThe study conducted on Ottawa university students has be to be of great significance since several suggestions on how this problem can be solved have been suggested. The study was also of significance since different students were given an fortune to express their feelings as far as drug abuse among university students is concerned and from that, it was complete that most students are willing and are ready to abandon the practice. In addition, most students were able to receive different tests on their blood and urine samples to verify the end of drug level in their blood.\r\nFinally, most students were given capsules, which proved to be very effective in treating, and reducing drug abuse related disorders in their blood. Lessons well-read From the studies and researches conducted it was clear that until recently very little attention was paid to female abusing drugs as compared to the attention given to male abusers both within the society and within the learning institutions. This is because female’s substance abuse has never been as high as that of male up to the recent past.\r\nNevertheless, we are currently seeing some twin(a) in the levels of drug consumption among female and males. The studies have also revealed that in making efforts to promote drug abuse prevention measures and health of the drug addicts in learning institutions, professionals, addiction system planners and public constitution makers have not given any attention to motivations for use of drugs by students and the race up consequences of use of drugs by female students in colleges (Boyd & Webster 1985).\r\nFuture counsel From the lessons learnt from the study it was recommended that instead of exploring a system, that involves drug abuse prevention, programs for health promotion that includes males and females, the planners and the programmers should get a line to differing needs of different students in relation to their gender, and other pr oblems related to drug abuse.\r\nThe high rates of heavy drug abuse by female students raised a lot of concern and recommendations such as low risk drinking guidelines for female students were made which required every female student involved in drug abuse to take at most three drinks in a single occasion or less than three in other circumstances depending on the type of drug being used. A further recommendation suggested that male students should limit their drinking to a maximum of 14 drinks per week and the female students should limit their drinking to a maximum of nine drinks per week.\r\n(Abrams, et. al 1993). References Abrams & D. B. et. al. (1993). Integrating Individual and in the public eye(predicate) Health Perspectives for Treatment Of tobacco plant dependence under Managed Health Care: A Combined Stepped Care and Matching Model. Tobacco Control 2 (supplementary) Boyd, N. , Millard, C. J. & Webster, C. D. (1985). heroin Treatment in British Columbia. 1976-19 84. Thesis, Antithesis and subtraction? Canadian Journal of Criminology 27(2), Christensen, A. , Jacobson, N. S. (1997).\r\nHIV, AIDS and stroke Drug Use: A subject Action Plan. Ottawa. 5(1, Jan) Corbett, G. (1994). Addiction Education and information: Bringing the Field Together. Report of the Ontario Addictions set up Group’s Education and raising Working Group. Ontario Ministry of Health, Toronto. El-Guebaly, N. (1990). union Abuse and rational Disorders: The Dual Diagnoses Concept. Canadian Journal of psychopathology El-Guebaly, N. , Hodgins & DC (1992). Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse: Prevalence Issues. Can\r\n'